Rhode Island is often overshadowed in the annals of American history. While larger battlegrounds and leaders from other states take center stage, Rhode Island’s crucial role in the struggle for U.S. independence remains largely unsung in the pages of history books.
Let’s explore the Revolutionary War historical sites of the Ocean State and shine a light on its significant contributions, not only as a major battleground but also as the home of one of the war’s most distinguished military leaders, Nathanael Greene.
The struggles for American independence found an epicenter in the heart of Rhode Island, where growing tensions with British authorities ignited the flames of revolution. The events that unfolded within the state’s borders not only influenced the course of the war but also shaped the destiny of a nation yearning for freedom.
As the winds of change swept across the American colonies, Rhode Island became a hotbed of resistance against British oppression. The narrow streets of Newport and bustling ports along the coastline bore witness to the mounting frustration of the colonists. One of the significant incidents that heightened tensions occurred right in the waters of Newport Harbor.
In the prelude to the Revolutionary War, British naval vessels were dispatched to enforce the Crown’s authority and suppress dissent. Among these vessels were the St. John and Liberty, symbols of British power and dominance. However, the spirit of defiance and rebellion ran deep in the hearts of the Rhode Island patriots.
In an audacious act of rebellion, Newport residents shot cannons at the St. John. When the Liberty was sent to show the crown’s power to the unruly colonists, they boarded that ship, stole its cannons and longboats, and fired back at the ship while they made a bonfire of the longboats, totally humiliating the crew and the power of the King.
Newport Harbor, the site of these events, is now a picturesque waterfront, a center of tourist activity, even if these pivotal events are mostly forgotten.
This bold display of resistance not only showcased the colonists’ unwavering resolve but also foreshadowed the impending clash of arms that would engulf the state in years to come.
The sparks of the Revolution ignited off the shores of Warwick, when a notorious British vessel, the HMS Gaspee was sent in response to the humiliation of the Liberty.
The Gaspee was tasked with enforcing the British government’s revenue and trade laws, leading to a series of confrontations with local merchants and smugglers.
On a fateful night in June 1772, a group of audacious Rhode Islanders, incensed by the Gaspee’s heavy-handed actions, took matters into their own hands. Under the cover of darkness, they commandeered boats and rowed stealthily towards the unsuspecting vessel that had gotten stuck on a sand bar while chasing smugglers.
In a daring act of defiance, colonists boarded the Gaspee and engaged in a fierce confrontation with its crew. The confrontation culminated in the looting and burning of the HMS Gaspee and the shooting of one of its crew, which sent shockwaves through the British authorities. This brazen act of resistance not only symbolized the Rhode Islanders’ commitment to liberty but also served as an early foreshadowing of the war to come.
Modern Wawrick residents celebrate the burning of the Gaspee every year with a parade, festivals, and historical reenactments in the village of Pawtuxet at the place now named “Gaspee Point”, culminating in a recreation of the burning of the Gaspee.
As the Revolutionary War reached full flame, Rhode Island found itself thrust into the heart of the conflict once again during the Battle of Rhode Island in 1776. The strategic location of Newport made it a coveted prize for both British and American forces. British troops, intent controlling Newport’s critical part, seized the city.
But while British troops occupied Newport, they were held in place by American troops under the leadership of Brigadier General John Sullivan. Unable to forage for firewood due to the siege, the British troops dismantled huge swaths of Newport houses just for the firewood to make it through the harsh winter.
With attacks and counter-attacks, fierce fighting and shifting fortunes, culminating in what is now called the Battle of Quaker Hill. With the support of French troops under the command of Rochambeau, the British troops were unable to escape Newport to quell the rest of Rhode Island.
Even though the colonists couldn’t break the British troops’ hold on Newport, neither could the British troops make use of its harbor. Newport was effectively useless without a way to move troops and materials overland, so Quaker Hill and the larger Battle of Rhode Island was a success, tying up resources and denying the British an essential harbor. The British withdrawal from Newport in 1779and testament to the colonists’ determination and resourcefulness in the face of a powerful adversary.
It also marked one of the rare instances during the war when American and French forces fought side by side, paving the way for the Franco-American alliance that would prove pivotal in securing American independence.
Modern visitors can roam Newport and imagine the battle lines. Perhaps the most interesting place to visit is the Colony House which acted as the command post for the besieged British troops under Sir Robert Pigot. Several other significant buildings exist from the era including the Turo Synagogue, making a walking tour of Newport a historian’s delight.
During the Revolutionary War, General Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, led a contingent of French troops to aid the American cause. As these forces marched to join General George Washington’s army, they encamped at various locations along the way. One such significant stop was the Canonchet Farm in Rhode Island.
The French army’s presence on Rhode Island’s soil marked a critical moment in the budding alliance between the two nations. The cooperation between the French and American troops paved the way for future collaborations, adding strength and legitimacy to the cause of American independence.
The route that Rochambeau’s troops took through the state is marked with road signs, leading today’s history buffs along the same path from Newport, through Providence, south to Cranston, and out the western side of the state., then for another 800 miles to Virginia.
Another prominent figure in the Franco-American Alliance was the Marquis de Lafayette, a French nobleman who became a trusted aide to General George Washington and a passionate advocate for the American cause. During the war, Lafayette visited Rhode Island, where he was received with great enthusiasm and admiration.
The White Horse Tavern in Newport, still standing and open to the public, hosted a celebratory dinner in honor of Lafayette, commemorating the unity and friendship between France and the United States. This momentous occasion symbolized the strength of the Franco-American Alliance and highlighted the mutual respect and shared aspirations of both nations in the fight for liberty.
In the shadow of these momentous events, Rhode Island emerged as not only a battleground but also a melting pot of diplomacy and cooperation. The Franco-American Alliance, with its roots firmly planted in the state, became a beacon of hope and solidarity that shone brightly on the path to American independence.
Amidst the turmoil of the Revolutionary War, Rhode Island had the honor of nurturing one of the war’s most remarkable military leaders – Nathanael Greene. His strategic brilliance and unwavering commitment to the cause of American independence would play a pivotal role in turning the tide of the war in favor of the patriots.
During the Rhode Island campaign, General Nathanael Greene set up his headquarters in the heart of the state, using the Greene Homestead in Coventry called “Spelt Hall” as his base of operations. From this unassuming location, Greene orchestrated crucial military decisions that would impact the course of the war.
Nathanael Greene, nicknamed “The Fighting Quaker”, was known for flexibility, adaptability, and an understanding of the strengths and limitations of his own forces. Rather than engaging in large, direct confrontations, he preferred to employ guerrilla tactics and engage in a war of attrition, weakening the British forces over time.
Later in the conflict, as the commander of the Southern Department, Greene successfully led a campaign to retake the South from the British forces, reclaiming territories and securing vital resources for the American cause.
His legacy extended well beyond the war’s conclusion. After the American victory, Nathanael Greene continued to serve his country as a statesman. He was instrumental in promoting the idea of a stronger central government and played a crucial role in the formation of the United States.
In recognition of his invaluable contributions, numerous places and institutions bear the name of Nathanael Greene. His indomitable spirit and dedication to the cause of liberty remain an enduring Modern visitors can explore not only the Nathanael Green Homestead in Coventry, but his command post during the British occupation of Newport, Spell Hall. Prescott farm also served as a waypoint for his troops headed toward Newport to assist in the siege there.
Rhode Island’s naval prowess also played a crucial role in the struggle for independence. Privateering, the practice of issuing private ships with government-issued letters of marque to raid enemy vessels, thrived in the state’s coastal waters.
From the bustling ports of Bristol, Providence, and after the siege Newport, Rhode Island’s privateers set sail to disrupt British supply lines and seize enemy ships. These daring sea raiders not only proved a significant nuisance to the British, but they also secured essential supplies for the Continental Army.
The privateering efforts of Rhode Island’s sailors proved so effective that they collectively captured more British ships than any other state during the Revolutionary War. These naval victories dealt heavy blows to British naval supremacy and severely hampered the enemy’s ability to control the region’s waterways.
Modern Revolutionary War historians might spend their entire time exploring Newport, since it was the largest city in Rhode Island at the time and second only to Boston in the region, but the port of Bristol RI, should be added to the list. Bristol was a major shipbuilding port for the area, not only during the war for independence but before and after in other periods of historical significance.
And while not directly involved in the war, the Coggeshall Farm museum in Bristol recreates the life of a working farm of the 1700’s, making it the ideal addition to a historical tour.
While our journey has already taken us through key events and sites in the state’s Revolutionary War history, there are so many more remarkable destinations waiting to be discovered. Here are a few additional historical sites paint a more comprehensive portrait of Rhode Island’s significant contributions to the birth of a nation.
John Brown House (Providence): Step into the elegant halls of the John Brown House, where military and political leaders gathered to chart the course of the Revolution.
Colony House (Newport): Explore the historic walls of the Colony House, where the Rhode Island General Assembly convened to shape the state’s role in the war effort.
The Whitehall Museum House (Middletown): Wander through the rooms where General George Washington resided during his visit to Rhode Island, absorbing the spirit of a leader who shaped the course of history.
Prescott Farm (Portsmouth): Walk the grounds where Colonel William Prescott rallied troops during the Rhode Island campaign, becoming an emblem of steadfastness in the face of adversity.
Redwood Library and Athenaeum (Newport): Immerse yourself in the wisdom and discussions of the past at the Redwood Library, a beacon of intellectual exchange during the Revolution.
Rhode Island’s story during the Revolutionary War may have been lost amidst the more prominent chapters in American history, but its significance cannot be understated. From the daring burning of the Gaspee to its pivotal role in the Battle of Rhode Island, this tiny state stood tall as a crucible of conflict.
When you plan your visit to Rhode Island, be sure to take some time to explore the forgotten valor of Rhode Island and recognize its indelible mark on the struggle for U.S. independence.
Micheal A. Walsh, a prolific travel writer, delves deep into the historical events and sights in the Northeastern US, crafting meticulously researched travel articles for Northeast Traveler Magazine. Walsh skillfully weaves narratives that transport readers through time, exploring the captivating stories behind the region's landmarks. With a keen eye for detail and a passion for uncovering hidden gems, Walsh's articles serve as a gateway for readers to embark on historical journeys, immersing themselves in the fascinating past of the Northeast.